Журнал «Здоровье ребенка» Том 21, №3, 2026

Актуальність. Вроджені вади розвитку (ВВР) є основною причиною неонатальної захворюваності та смертності в усьому світі. Соціально-економічні, поведінкові і медичні фактори матері можуть призводити до аномального розвитку плода. Мета: оцінити зв’язок між освітою матері, поведінковими факторами й окремими патологіями та ВВР у новонароджених у Львівській області (Україна). ­Матеріали та методи. У дослідженні типу «випадок — контроль» використовувалися медичні записи з пологових будинків Львівської області (2002–2025). Загалом проаналізовано дані 1455 новонароджених із ВВР та 1448 здорових новонароджених (контрольна група). Було оцінено освіту матері, репродуктивний анамнез, спосіб життя, ендокринні розлади, екстрагенітальні захворювання й гінекологічні інфекції. ­Результати. Рівень освіти матерів вірогідно відрізнявся між групами (p < 0,01). Матерів із незакінченою середньою освітою в групі новонароджених із ВВР було більше (10,2 проти 1,6 %; відношення шансів (ВШ) = 7,069; 95% довірчий інтервал (ДІ): 4,528–11,036; p < 0,01), а з вищою освітою — менше (24,5 проти 30,2 %; ВШ = 0,811; 95% ДІ: 0,719–0,914; p < 0,01). Куріння (13,5 проти 5,5 %; ВШ = 2,69; 95% ДІ: 2,06–3,52; p < 0,001) та вживання алкоголю (2,0 проти 0,14 %; ВШ = 14,6; 95% ДІ: 3,5–61,2; p < 0,001) частіше відзначалися серед матерів дітей із ВВР. Ендокринні захворювання також були більш поширеними в групі ВВР (24,6 проти 14,0 %; ВШ = 2,02; 95% ДІ: 1,68–2,43; p < 0,001), переважно за рахунок патології щитоподібної залози. Хронічні екстрагенітальні захворювання (33,1 проти 22,0 %; ВШ = 1,501; 95% ДІ: 1,329–1,694; p < 0,01) та гінекологічні інфекції (24,1 проти 19,3 %; ВШ = 1,248; 95% ДІ: 1,086–1,435; p < 0,01) також мали вірогідний зв’язок із ВВР. Водночас не виявлено статистично значущих відмінностей щодо віку менархе, характеристик менструального циклу і застосування гормональних контрацептивів (p > 0,05). ­Висновки. Соціально-економічні, поведінкові та пов’язані зі здоров’ям фактори матері можуть спільно впливати на ризик виникнення ВВР, підтверджуючи їх багатофакторну етіологію і роль модифікованих детермінант. Для уточнення причинно-наслідкових механізмів необхідні подальші масштабні проспективні дослідження.

Background. Birth defects (BDs) are a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Maternal socioeconomic, behavioral, and health factors may contribute to abnormal fetal development. Objective: to assess the association between maternal education, behavioral factors, and selected health conditions with BDs among newborns in the Lviv Region (Ukraine). Materials and methods. A case-control study was conducted using medical records from maternity hospitals in the Lviv Region (2002–2025). A total of 1,455 newborns with BDs and 1,448 healthy newborns (controls) were analyzed. Maternal education, reproductive history, lifestyle habits, endocrine disorders, extragenital diseases, and gynecological infections were evaluated. Results. Maternal educational level varied significantly between groups (p < 0.01). Mothers with incomplete secondary education were more frequent in the BDs group (10.2 vs. 1.6 %; odds ratio (OR) = 7.069; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.528–11.036, p < 0.01), while there were less women with higher education in this group (24.5 vs. 30.2 %; OR = 0.811; 95% CI: 0.719–0.914; p < 0.01). Smoking (13.5 vs. 5.5 %; OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 2.06–3.52; p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (2.0 vs. 0.14 %; OR = 14.6; 95% CI: 3.5–61.2; p < 0.001) were more prevalent among mothers of affected newborns. Endocrine disorders were more frequent in the BDs group (24.6 vs. 14.0 %; OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.68–2.43; p < 0.001), in most cases, it was thyroid diseases. Chronic extragenital disorders (33.1 vs. 22.0 %; OR = 1.501; 95% CI: 1.329–1.694; p < 0.01) and gynecological infections (24.1 vs. 19.3 %; OR = 1.248; 95% CI: 1.086–1.435; p < 0.01) were also significantly associated with BDs. No significant differences were observed between age at menarche, menstrual cycle characteristics, or hormonal contraceptive use (p > 0.05). Conclusions. Maternal socioeconomic, behavioral, and health-related factors may in common influence the risk of BDs, supporting their multifactorial etiology and the role of modifiable determinants. Further large-scale population studies are needed to clarify causal mechanisms.

вроджені вади розвитку; новонароджені; дослідження типу «випадок — контроль»; поведінкові фактори; Україна

birth defects; newborns; case-control study; behavioral factors; Ukraine

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