Международный эндокринологический журнал Том 22, №5, 2026

Актуальність. Цукровий діабет 2-го типу є однією з провідних глобальних медико-соціальних проблем, поширеність якої постійно зростає. Порушення мікроелементного гомеостазу відіграє важливу роль у патогенезі захворювання, впливаючи на розвиток інсулінорезистентності, оксидативного стресу та судинних ускладнень. У зв’язку з цим особливого значення набуває пошук доступних і точних методів кількісного визначення мікроелементів у біологічних тканинах. Мета дослідження: провести комплексний аналіз ролі есенціальних мікроелементів у патогенезі цукрового діабету та обґрунтувати доцільність застосування портативної рентгенівської апаратури для їх кількісного моніторингу in situ. Матеріали та методи. Проведено огляд наукових джерел, опублікованих у 2000–2025 роках, із використанням баз даних PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science та Google Scholar. Аналізувалися дані щодо ролі кальцію, магнію, заліза, хрому, цинку, бору, кобальту, йоду та селену у розвитку цукрового діабету. Для кількісного визначення мікроелементів у плазмі крові запропоновано застосування портативного енергодисперсійного рентгенофлуоресцентного спектрометра SPRUT із SDD-детектором Amptek. Підготовка зразків включала сушіння плазми крові, озолення та пресування сухого залишку. Калібрування проводили методом standard addition з використанням стандартних зразків РМ-23, РМ-24, РМ-26 та РМ-30. Результати. Встановлено, що дефіцит магнію, цинку, хрому, кальцію та селену асоціюється зі зниженням чутливості до інсуліну, порушенням секреції інсуліну, оксидативним стресом і прогресуванням судинних ускладнень. Надлишок заліза, навпаки, сприяє посиленню прооксидантних процесів і розвитку інсулінорезистентності. Показано, що мікроелементний профіль може використовуватися як ранній біомаркер метаболічних порушень ще до клінічної маніфестації діабету. Запропонована рентгенофлуоресцентна методика забезпечує межу виявлення мікроелементів на рівні 10–50 нг, що відповідає сучасним високочутливим методам аналізу. Використання портативної апаратури дозволяє проводити дослідження безпосередньо в умовах клініки без складної підготовки зразків та дорогого стаціонарного обладнання. Висновки. Порушення мікроелементного статусу є важливим патогенетичним фактором розвитку та прогресування цукрового діабету. Портативна рентгенофлуоресцентна апаратура є перспективним інструментом для експресного визначення мікроелементів у біологічних тканинах, що відкриває можливості для ранньої діагностики, прогнозування ускладнень та персоналізованого моніторингу пацієнтів із цукровим діабетом.

Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the leading global medical and social problems, the prevalence of which is constantly increasing. Violation of microelement homeostasis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, affecting the deve­lopment of insulin resistance, oxidative stress and vascular complications. In this regard, the search for accessible and accurate methods for quantitative determination of microelements in biological tissues is of particular importance. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis on the role of essential microelements in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and to substantiate the feasibility of using portable X-ray equipment for their quantitative moni­toring in situ. Materials and methods. A review of scientific sources published in 2000–2025 was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Data on the role of calcium, magnesium, iron, chromium, zinc, boron, cobalt, iodine and selenium in the development of diabetes mellitus were analyzed. For the quantitative determination of trace elements in blood plasma, the use of a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectro­meter SPRUT with an Amptek SDD detector was proposed. Sample preparation included drying of blood plasma, ashing and pressing of the dry residue. Calibration was performed by the standard addition method using standard samples RM 23, RM 24, RM 26 and RM 30. Results. It was found that magnesium, zinc, chromium, calcium and selenium deficiency is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity, impaired insulin secretion, oxidative stress and progression of vascular complications. Iron overload, on the contrary, contributes to the enhancement of pro-oxidant processes and the development of insulin resistance. It is shown that the trace element profile can be used as an early biomarker of metabolic disorders even before the clinical manifestation of diabetes. The proposed X-ray fluorescence technique provides a limit of detection of trace elements at the level of 10–50 ng, which corresponds to modern highly sensitive analysis methods. The use of portable equipment allows for research to be conducted directly in the clinic without complex sample preparation and expensive stationary equipment. Conclusions. Violation of the trace element status is an important factor in the development and progression of diabetes mellitus. Portable X-ray fluorescence equipment is a promising tool for the express determination of trace elements in biological tissues, which opens up opportunities for early diagnosis, prediction of complications and personalized monitoring of patients with diabetes mellitus.

цукровий діабет; рентгенофлуоресцентний аналіз; мікроелементний гомеостаз; портативна діагностика; метаболічний моніторинг; інсулінорезистентність

diabetes mellitus; X-ray fluorescence analysis; trace element homeostasis; portable diagnostics; metabolic monitoring; insulin resistance

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